This report was commissioned within the context of the ELECT THB project, which aims to enhance the identification and investigation of trafficking in human beings (THB) for sexual and labour exploitation and increase collaboration between law enforcement authorities and other key actors – in particular practitioners - to combat it. This report reviews the current (as of February 2023) situation in Ukraine and reflects on specific challenges posed by the ongoing Russian invasion and war; it looks into the modus operandi (MO) of perpetrators of trafficking for labour exploitation, sexual exploitation and possible other forms of human trafficking.